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Worked cases, exam technique and chapter briefings, written by the clinicians who write the bank.
News and updates
ARNI – AR stands for Angiotensin receptor blocker and NI stands for Neprilysin Inhibitor. In patients with heart failure, the levels of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides rise when the cardiac muscles are stretched because of fluid overload. An increase in ANP and BNP levels in the blood results in a diuretic effect. Thus, these...
March 26, 2019 · 3 min read
endocrinology
Diabetes is a hyperglycemic syndrome affecting almost every organ system of the body. The three diabetes types are: Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes The primary defect in diabetes is either an absolute or relative insulin deficiency or insulin resistance or both. Treatment goal of any diabetic patient is maintaining normal or...
March 20, 2019 · 4 min read
Diet&Drugs
Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin are the two SGLT2 inhibitors currently available in Pakistan. Worldwide, among the SGLT2 class of medicines, apart from dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, canagliflozin is also being used to treat type 2 diabetes patients. Which patients should be prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors? SGLT2 inhibitors can be used as monotherapy or in combination with metformin, insulin...
March 16, 2019 · 3 min read
Diagnose yourself
Hematuria is a common symptom affecting men and women of all ages. The cause is usually a benign one but serious underlying conditions like malignancies may manifest for the first time with hematuria. Gross versus Microscopic Hematuria: Gross hematuria is visible to the naked eye. A little as 1 ml of blood in the urine...
March 14, 2019 · 4 min read
News and updates
A number of patients have been admitted in the medical department of PIMS with SJS and TEN (Steven Johnson Syndrome and Toxic epidermal necrolysis) following the use of antibiotics. Most of the patients developed the condition following the use of amoxicillin. One patient took a tetracycline class of the antibiotic and one developed SJS after...
March 9, 2019 · 3 min read
cancers
Lung cancer is among the deadliest and most prevalent of all the cancers. The incidence of lung cancer has declined over the past decade because of the reduction in smoking. Most of the patients with lung cancer are diagnosed when they have locally advanced disease or even when cancer spreads to bones and other organs...
March 2, 2019 · 4 min read
Cardiology
The American College of Cardiology Foundation, The joint task force of the European society of cardiology, the world heart federation and the American heart association (ACCF/ESC/WHF/AHA) have updated the definition of acute Myocardial infarction to incorporate the use of highly sensitive troponins in clinical practice. Definition of Myocardial Infarction They defined acute Myocardial infarction as...
February 27, 2019 · 4 min read
miscellaneous
Hemorrhoids or piles also called as bawaseer in Urdu, are venous dilatations in the anal canal. Veins are normally present in the rectum and anal canal. However, when these veins become dilated and tortuous, they may become symptomatic. Before discussing the topic “how to prevent and treat hemorrhoids”, lets briefly review the symptoms and stages...
February 23, 2019 · 5 min read
miscellaneous
Orbital pseudotumor or idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome (IOIS) is a rare inflammatory condition of the eye without a known cause. Diagnosis … It is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Diagnosis to consider in a patient presenting with eye swelling and redness include: Orbital cellulitis Orbital neoplasms Systemic disorders like Wegener’s Granulomatosis, and Cavernous sinus thrombosis...
February 20, 2019 · 2 min read
students corner
A middle-aged female was referred to the medical OPD with eye swelling. The patient was alright a few weeks back when she developed swelling of the left eye. The eye swelling gradually progressed with associated watery discharge, redness and impaired vision. Ophthalmologist review of the eye swelling The patient was taken to an ophthalmologist and...
February 13, 2019 · 2 min read
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