HIV- clinical Basics

A 30-year-old male came for the medical fitness certificate for induction as a government employee. His HIV test for screening was positive. He had no symptoms of any illness or recurrent episodes of infection in the past. His investigations were sent for examination, including CD-4 count, and treatment was planned after the investigations. When to start the treatment in this patient?

A 40-year-old female presented with severe anemia, and 2 pints of red cell concentrate were administered. She was living alone and in a very poor socioeconomic class. She was selling her body for survival. She was diagnosed with HIV during her recent admission. Which of the following has the highest risk of transmission after a single exposure to an HIV-infected source?

There has been a continuous surge in the number of HIV patients seen across the world. Which of the following is the most common route of transmission of the HIV infection worldwide?

A 34 year old HIV positive male presented with a fever for 2 weeks, weight loss, nonproductive cough, and shortness of breath. On examination, he has oral thrush and bilateral chest crepitations. His CD4 count was 95. Which of the following is not an AIDS-defining illness?

A 55-year-old male presented with weight loss and chronic diarrhea. All his investigations were normal except for HIV. Antiretroviral therapy was started. How to monitor ART efficacy?

A 32-year-old IV drug abuser presented with weight loss and diarrhea. His HIV antibody test was positive, and treatment with HAART was started. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for him?

A 45-year-old male came for follow-up in the HIV clinic. He was started on HAART 3 months ago. His lipid profile has significant derangements from baseline to after 3 months. Which of the following drugs is responsible for hyperlipidemia?

A 28-year-old pregnant woman at 35 weeks of gestation presents to the antenatal clinic for routine follow-up. She was diagnosed with HIV during her first trimester and started on a combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen consisting of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir. She has been fully compliant with her medications throughout pregnancy.

Her recent laboratory results show an undetectable HIV viral load (<20 copies/mL) and a CD4 count of 550 cells/mm³. She has had an uncomplicated pregnancy so far, with no opportunistic infections or obstetric complications. Which of the following is true regarding further management?

A 35-year-old male presented to the emergency department with complaints of vomiting, lethargy, and myalgias. He has been diagnosed with HIV for 5 years and has been compliant with his medications, which include didanosine, stavudine, indinavir, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and rosuvastatin. On examination, his blood pressure was 170/100. Chest, cardiovascular, and neurological examinations were normal, but his abdomen was slightly tender. His investigations showed:

• CD4 count: 390 (normal range: 500-900)
• CBC: Normal
• Sodium: 139 mmol/l
• Potassium: 5.3 mmol/l
• Creatinine: 5.98 mg/dl
• Urea: 180 mg/dl
• Chloride: 105 mmol/l
• ANCA: negative
• Anti-GBM antibodies: negative
• Hepatitis B and C: Negative

Which of the following may cause renal dysfunction in this patient?

A 36-year-old man comes to the office due to a month of diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps.  He has also had night sweats, arthralgias, and weight loss of 6.8 kg during this period.  Pink, oval lesions developed on the patient’s upper chest, neck, and face at the beginning of the illness but have now resolved.  Temperature is 100.8⁰F), blood pressure is 112/74 mm Hg, pulse is 104/min, and respirations are 16/min.  Nontender lymphadenopathy is present in the cervical and inguinal lymph nodes.  There are no joint effusions or skin lesions.  The abdomen is soft and nontender with no organomegaly.  Which of the following is the best next step in the evaluation of this patient?

A 28-year-old construction worker presents for follow-up 3 months after hospitalization for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. At diagnosis, his CD4 count was 150 cells/mm³, and an HIV-1 RNA viral load was 250,000 copies/mL. Genotypic testing showed no resistance mutations, and he was started on tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir. He has been adherent to therapy and reports improved energy levels. Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely at this visit?